&D leaders. This poses difficult questions for Europe, which is at risk of losing out in terms of R&D leadership in more …

encouraging for Europe: EU companies entered the global electric vehicle race late, but on the basis of our analysis it is not yet … diversified across various power-train technologies. But if Europe wants to succeed in the global electric vehicle race, its … electric vehicles in Europe, combining demand and supply-side instruments. Europe cannot follow China in the adoption of …

mainly on mass deployment of green technologies rather than innovation. The IRA will likely harm Europe through its … competitiveness effect, while it will likely benefit climate transition in Europe and most of the rest of the world. However, the …