fifteen-fold, with severe impacts for households and businesses. The crisis is also creating liquidity problems for energy … have introduced measures at retail level, while others have introduced windfall-profit taxes on energy companies. Some … countries have provided emergency liquidity to energy companies facing soaring collateral costs. Some energy companies have even …

Europe's energy system faces unprecedented physical and institutional stress. The policy response so far has been … excessively nationally focussed and could undermine the goals of calming energy markets over the next 18 months and achieving … ambitious decarbonisation targets. At the basis of the crisis is a post-COVID-19 global energy imbalance. While demand bounced …

ways. Of the 13 countries that joined the EU between 2004 and 2013, seven have entered the euro area. Many faced similar …

countries are overrepresented. This is desired in the EU treaties. But the EU treaties also emphasise the importance of equality … and equal treatment of citizens by EU institutions. Inequality of representation in the European Parliament has been … representation and distribution of seats to countries. We do so within the constraints set by the EU treaties. • One option would be …

) for admission to the EU of the two most advanced candidates - Serbia and Montenegro. This could incentivise all Western … EU accession and the global boom facilitated rapid economic recovery in the Western Balkans and boosted economic and … of reform and progress towards EU accession.The European Commission in February 2018 set an indicative deadline (2025 …

migration of financial firms from London to the EU27 (EU minus UK) to ensure they can continue to serve their EU27 clients. Four … major cities will host most of the new EU27 wholesale markets - Frankfurt, Paris, Dublin and Amsterdam. These cities have … three large French banks, will make up the core of the new EU27 wholesale markets. Some Dutch, Italian and Spanish banks are …

This Policy Contribution, based on a note written for the Bundestag EU Committee, explores the possible consequences of … a no-deal Brexit for the European Union and assesses preparations on the EU side. It also provides guidance on the … optimal strategy for the EU, depending on the choices made by the United Kingdom. Overall, a no-deal Brexit would be …

-designing the European Union's relationship with its neighbourhood. Both acknowledge that EU enlargement is necessary, but also … emphasise that profound EU institutional reform is required beforehand, though deepening and widening the EU are complex … processes that veto players could block. The geopolitical challenges mean it is in the critical interest of the EU to bring …

to political debates that emphasise the cost of EU spending rather than the benefits, and add to the perception of the EU … budget in terms of net balances, rather than value added. • The financing of the EU budget must be reassessed in the light of … the July 2020 decision to launch the Next Generation EU programme. Budget resources could include a plastics charge, a …

• The European Union's capital markets union (CMU) plan is in urgent need of a revamp. Because of Brexit, EU capital … mobilised by capital markets. • The eleven EU countries in central and south-eastern Europe which joined the EU in 2004 and … after (EU11) are particularly affected by the ongoing consolidation of exchanges, which has diminished liquidity in smaller …