international cooperation and a global carbon pricing regime. Carbon pricing must therefore be at the core of EU climate policy … trading scheme should be introduced for the transport and heating sector to prepare the sectors for integration into the EU …

the context of capital markets, contributes to this downward pressure in the EU. As the knowledge economy relies … ensure the creation of capital markets in the EU. …

. Given this imbalance, the EU has long sought to improve the situation for its companies operating or wanting to operate in … China. After eight years of negotiations, the EU and China concluded in December 2020 a bilateral Comprehensive Agreement on … protection is covered by bilateral investment treaties between EU countries and China, which remain in force. The CAI has been …

grown since 2017. The EU itself will also issue green bonds in large volumes. However, because of some inherent flaws in … information is needed on the climate related aspects of the public budgets of EU countries. Greater transparency in this respect … investors who, under new EU rules, must disclose the climate-related aspects of all financial instruments offered in the capital …

consumer behaviour. Policymakers must act to prevent lasting divergence within the EU and to prevent scarring from the fallout … investment. A review of the European fiscal framework is needed to achieve the EU's green goals more rapidly. The quality of … policies for the young and less-qualified are needed. As teleworking becomes a more permanent feature of the EU's labour …

likely to be acquired by American firms than the other way around. Simultaneously, EU institutional investors are … the internal rate of return on equities and the risk-free rate) is around four percentage points higher in EU countries …

development of low-carbon technologies within the EU that can subsequently be exported. The result is an investment level below … the socially optimal value in the EU. Commercialisation contracts could be implemented as a temporary measure to remove … subsidies amounting to the difference between the agreed carbon price and the actual EU carbon price would be provided to …

-debt implications of climate change being transparent. To this end, we look at the exposure of EU sovereigns to climate risks, study … Italian debt from climate change. This raises issues about the models used. Coordination by EU institutions to develop … authorities to think of solutions. A network for climate-proofing public finance will bring together EU and member …

domestic demand. To increase its presence in this strategic and thriving sector, the EU needs a more targeted strategy that … a subsidy war over fabrication capacity, the EU should focus on inputs and chip design. However, no economy can hope to …