"Brazil's inequalities in welfare and poverty across and within regions can be accounted for by differences in …

"Using recently completed "poverty maps" for Cambodia, Ecuador, and Madagascar, the authors simulate the impact on … poverty of transferring an exogenously given budget to geographically defined subgroups of the population according to their … relative poverty status. They find large gains from targeting smaller administrative units, such as districts or villages. But …

that foster deep and persistent poverty, such as lack of connectivity to markets, have provided a degree of protection for …