productivity and stronger growth rates are attributed to trade reform, its contribution to medium-term poverty reduction is rather … its connected poverty trends. The main focus of the authors is understanding, for the case of Brazil, how a trade shock … interacts with these structural forces and ascertaining whether it enhances or hinders medium-term poverty reduction. In …

"This paper examines how households trade off migration and savings when subject to exogenous violence. The authors … propose that households under violence decide jointly on migration and saving, because a higher asset-stock is more difficult … to carry to a new place. When confronted with exogenous violence, households are expected to consider migration, and …

guerrillas and paramilitaries, gang violence among drug traffickers, and high common delinquency. In this context, households … authors test the hypothesis that households, when confronted with exogenous violence, reduce their investment and, moreover … strongly supports the hypothesis. The results shed new light on the economic impact of violence. The immediate reduction in …

The authors review the recent literature on crime and violence in Latin America and the Caribbean and present a broad … manifestations of crime and violence in Latin America. They also discuss the ways in which violence affects development, the root … causes of violence, and the empirical evidence on the determinants of crime. The authors conclude by stressing that …

women as "gender-based" violence, to acknowledge that such violence is rooted in gender inequality and is often tolerated …"Worldwide, patterns of violence against women differ markedly from violence against men. For example, women are more … likely than men to be sexually assaulted or killed by someone they know. The United Nations has defined violence against …

"Morrison, Ellsberg, and Bott present an overview of gender-based violence (GBV) in Latin America, with special … violence and sexual coercion are the most common forms of GBV, and these are the types of GBV that they analyze. GBV has …-based violence: It is essential to focus on the prevention of GBV, not just on services for its survivors. Prevention is best …

The Prevalence rate of violence, as measured by such indicators as domestic assault, homicide, and crime victimization …, accurate ways to measure and map violence across communities and countries is the first step toward developing programs to …

"The "developing world's middle class" is defined here as those who are not poor when judged by the median poverty line …-2002, economic growth and distributional shifts allowed an extra 1.2 billion people to join the developing world's middle class. Four …-fifths came from Asia, and half from China. Most of the new entrants remained fairly close to poverty, with incomes now bunched up …

relative poverty becomes less responsive to further growth. Slower progress against relative poverty can thus be seen as the …"Prevailing measures of relative poverty put an implausibly high weight on relative deprivation, such that measured … poverty does not fall when all incomes grow at the same rate. This stems from the (implicit) assumption in past measures that …