financial crises, all of which can lead to long-lasting harm to productivity. Wars inflict particularly severe damage to … productivity, while financial crises also lead to substantial losses, especially accompanied by a rapid build-up of debt. The … productivity, as natural disasters have occurred most often and their frequency has doubled since 2000. Global adverse events can …

Using firm-level survey data for a large cross section of countries, the paper assesses the gap in labor productivity … impact of competition from informal firms on the labor productivity of formal firms. The results show that on average, the … labor productivity of informal firms is about one-fourth that of formal firms. Moreover, the labor productivity of formal …