For decades, manufacturers around the world have outsourced production to countries with lower labor costs. However … of where production is expected, rather than trade flows that reflect past investment decisions. Exploiting differences …

Co-operation and Development/World Trade Organization's Trade in Value Added Database to assess Brazil's current … for Brazil to increase global value chain-related trade. One avenue to raise participation in global value chains is … through (deeper) preferential trade agreements, and to this end the paper characterizes the level of integration of Brazil …