? The answer to this question has important implications for public policy. If shocks reduce investments in children, they … aggregate economic shocks on child schooling and health. It shows that the expected effects are ambiguous, because of a tension … countries, like the United States, child health and education outcomes are counter-cyclical: they improve during recessions. In …

Workers in developing countries are subject to frequent health shocks. Using 10 weeks of high-frequency labor market …

, and over 80 percent do not have any friends of another caste. This paper examines the effect of a shock to friends … household; perceived social norms; and an outcome of household bargaining: investments in her children. The analysis instruments … impact of having a friend who received an empowerment shock on a woman who did not receive that shock. The results show …