This paper proposes a framework that examines three levels of access to infrastructure-nominal, effective, and quality-adjusted access. Most conventional indicators measure nominal access-whether a household has physical access to a service in or near the house. By contrast, effective access...

Ceilings on lending rates remain a widely used policy tool that is intended to lower the overall cost of credit or protect consumers from exorbitant rates. Interest rate caps come in many forms and scopes and, according to their rationale, ceilings can affect a small segment or the overall...

This paper investigates whether the prospect of redistribution hinders the formation of efficiency-enhancing groups. An experiment is conducted in a Kenyan slum, Ugandan villages, and a UK university town and used to test, in an anonymous setting with no feedback, whether subjects join a group...