Kazakhstan's cities are hubs of economic opportunity and prosperity. But despite the government's ambitious targets … Kazakhstan's cities, and (ii) the near absence of a rental housing market outside the capital, Astana. The findings show that the …

This paper proposes a model-based approach to estimate income boundaries for identifying the middle class in Kazakhstan … over 2003-15. The approach exploits the subjective evaluation of Kazakhstan households about their social status, relating … self-declared social class membership to income. Income data come from the Kazakhstan Household Budget Survey, which also …