found to be larger among firms with low productivity levels before the policy change, and in sectors where profit margins …

Using firm-level survey data for a large cross section of countries, the paper assesses the gap in labor productivity … impact of competition from informal firms on the labor productivity of formal firms. The results show that on average, the … labor productivity of informal firms is about one-fourth that of formal firms. Moreover, the labor productivity of formal …

population. This study uncovers the effect of poor water infrastructure on the productivity of informal firms. This is achieved …

market and lower productivity. To illustrate the potential role of taxation in achieving a more fair income distribution, the …