analyzes the combined and individual incidence of direct and indirect taxes, transfers, and social spending and benchmarks … Turkey, driven by social spending on education and health, and complemented by direct taxes and transfer schemes that … countervail the inequality-increasing impact of indirect taxes. At the bottom of the income distribution, targeted transfers are …

The impact of drought on household welfare is the cumulative effect of crop losses and price changes in a local economy … effects in districts with food versus cash transfers suggests that cash transfers do not have inflationary effects on grain …

transfers. The findings show that the system is progressive and contributes to reductions in poverty and inequality. The Gini … a large share of the budget (around 2.5 percent of gross domestic product). These two factors, and the fact that up to a … 35 percent of total expenditures in monetary and in-kind transfers is funded by corporate taxes and royalties-which are …