different birth cohorts. Relative inequality of opportunity represents an important portion of total income inequality, with …. This is a quite different age profile from that of inequality of outcomes (income or consumption), which generally … countries, notably Italy, these trends have failed to translate into decreasing inequality of opportunity in the income …

This paper proposes a model-based approach to estimate income boundaries for identifying the middle class in Kazakhstan … self-declared social class membership to income. Income data come from the Kazakhstan Household Budget Survey, which also … response, the paper estimates a proportional odds model with income as the key explanatory variable. Although other factors …