down countries' growth (relative to the world) into three trade-related channels: (i) an export pull measuring the traction …

integration, namely, trade volumes, export/trade patterns by product (primary and manufacturing goods), and by destination (inter …

individually larger, with export value extremely concentrated in a few firms. Firm churning rates are disproportionately low and … survival rates of entrants are high. These findings reflect exceptionally high entry costs of export, which are the result of … anti-export bias and import substitution policies that sought unsuccessfully to develop the local industry. The paper shows …