This paper incorporates gender bias against girls in the family, school and labor market in a model of … face lower mobility irrespective of location when born to fathers with low schooling, but the gender gap closes when the … leads to gender divergence in relative mobility for the children of highly educated fathers. In urban China, and urban and …

decisions to analyze how the design of a privatized pension system affects gender pension gaps. Chile has one of the longest … countries and was reformed in 2008 to alleviate old- age poverty and reduce gender pension gaps. The paper estimates the dynamic … significantly reduce gender pension gaps: expanding minimum pension benefit eligibility, providing a per-child pension bonus, and …