analyzes the combined and individual incidence of direct and indirect taxes, transfers, and social spending and benchmarks … countervail the inequality-increasing impact of indirect taxes. At the bottom of the income distribution, targeted transfers are … and the more limited positive impacts of direct transfers and taxes. From a policy perspective, the paper contributes to …

35 percent of total expenditures in monetary and in-kind transfers is funded by corporate taxes and royalties-which are …This paper uses Mongolia's Household Socio Economic Survey for 2016 to estimate the distributive impact of taxes and … transfers. The findings show that the system is progressive and contributes to reductions in poverty and inequality. The Gini …

effects in districts with food versus cash transfers suggests that cash transfers do not have inflationary effects on grain …