measure of the proportion of each country's population whose native language is a gender language. At the cross-country level … structure of the language tree and the distribution of languages across countries, this paper demonstrates that the results are … not driven by spurious correlations within language families. Gender languages appear to reduce women's labor force …

, underscoring the importance of test translation and adaptation. To examine differences in vocabulary development by language of …In many low- and middle-income countries, young children learn a mother tongue or indigenous language at home before … entering the formal education system where they will need to understand and speak a country's official language(s). Thus …

impedes productivity more at higher levels of regulation. The analysis finds that there is a significant negative relationship … between corruption and firm productivity when regulation is high and an insignificant relationship when it is low. These …

financial regulation. First, the paper proposes a broad index of regulatory quality for financial inclusion, emphasizing the …