For decades, manufacturers around the world have outsourced production to countries with lower labor costs. However …, there is a concern that robotization in high-income countries will challenge this shifting international division of labor …

"Globalization brings opportunities and pressures for domestic firms in emerging markets to innovate and improve their … competitive position. Using data on firms in 27 transition economies, the authors test for the effects of globalization through … multinational enterprises and international trade are important channels for domestic firms' innovation. They detect no evidence …