This paper surveys the recent literature exploring the causes of urban pollution in the developing world and the … implications of such pollution for a city's competitiveness. Within a system of cities, cities compete for jobs and people. Those … costs of power generation, transportation, and household services. The paper explores three main questions. First, why does …

become and remain competitive. Although many studies have focused on these negative effects, the links between pollution and … pollution and city growth, and how it correlates with city competitiveness. Although high-income cities are usually better at … managing pollution, the paper finds successful examples of fast-growing, lower-income cities that are able to tackle this issue …