exceptionally high cost of urban housing. Registration rules prohibit migration to urban centers, and urban housing costs push up … 90 percent of people support lifting all registration restrictions and over 80 percent favor increasing urban housing … construction. The results of the experiment show that reform popularity increases when propiska rules and housing costs are …

Measuring and comparing the levels of household welfare and poverty in a country require cost-of-living differences …

Kazakhstan's cities, and (ii) the near absence of a rental housing market outside the capital, Astana. The findings show that the …. Housing is the primary driver of the disparity: after adjusting for inflation, housing costs tripled in Astana and quadrupled … in Almaty between 2001 and 2015. As a result, housing costs for the local population in these areas are more unaffordable …