lower and investment 15-22 percent weaker in crisis episodes. Third, a rapid buildup of debt, whether public or private …, increased the likelihood of a financial crisis, as did a larger share of short-term external debt, higher debt service cover …

developing economies more vulnerable to shifts in market sentiment, notwithstanding historically low global interest rates … supervision and regulation. The post-crisis debt buildup has coincided with a period of subdued growth as well as the emergence of …

"This paper examines the implications of bank activity and short-term funding strategies for bank risk and returns … using an international sample of 1,334 banks in 101 countries leading up to the 2007 financial crisis. Expansion into non …-interest income generating activities such as trading increases the rate of return on assets, and it may offer some risk …