examines the likely implications of the 2020 oil price plunge for emerging market and developing economies. It presents four … downward pressure on oil prices. Second, this latest oil price decline was preceded by six previous plunges over the past half …

projections model, this paper estimates the implications of demand- and supply-driven oil price collapses for growth in emerging … markets and developing economies (EMDEs). The paper finds that steep oil price collapses were associated with significant and …

price windfalls and maintain spending during price busts. This paper questions this characterization and policy advice … commodity price shocks are highly persistent, and so they should be spent according to the permanent income hypothesis. In … more persistent commodity price shocks …

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has halted economic activity worldwide, hurting firms and pushing them toward … is ill-equipped to deal with an exogenous systemic shock such as this pandemic. Financial sector policies can help …

percent on average. Escalating export restrictions would multiply the initial shock by a factor of 3, with world food prices …This paper analyzes the impact of Covid-19 and uncooperative trade policies on world food markets. It quantifies the … initial shock due to the pandemic under the assumption that products that are more labor intensive in production are more …

How can the world reach herd immunity against COVID-19 before the second anniversary of the pandemic, or March 2022? A … this gap. There are additional challenges along the path to achieving world-wide herd immunity-including supply chain …

inequality creates the impression that the world is subjected to two different pandemics in terms of their impact. This paper … applies not just to the vulnerable in the rich world; the vulnerable in the rest of the world are not more immune. Yet … yet to run its course through the age distributions of the world …