This paper assesses the impact of immigration to Western Europe on the exposure of native-born workers to economic and …, are more exposed to the negative income shocks relative to the natives. The paper then examines whether immigration has an … impact on the exposure of natives to COVID-19-related risks in Western Europe. A Bartik-type shift share instrument is used …

a small negative effect of recent immigrants in the classroom on natives' test scores. This effect significant only for … classroom on the academic achievement of natives. In contrast with previous contributions, it exploits rare information on age … school system. Overall, the paper finds no effect of the concentration of immigrant students on natives' test scores. However …

, hosting around 10 percent of them. Little is known about the characteristics of these migrants and their labor market outcomes …

2006 European Union Survey of Income and Living Conditions show that internal migrants are a relatively small share of the … as outside the European Union), this paper finds that migrants tend to include a concentration of both low as well as … highly educated workers. Both sets of migrants uniformly contribute to raising the working-age population of receiving …

filling in the roles vacated by the migrants. In contrast, the income effect dominates the impact of migration on the left …