surviving children. Studies have found substantial variability across countries in the negative impacts of orphanhood on child … health and education. One hypothesis for this variability is the resilience of the extended family network in some countries …

Substantial work has demonstrated that early nutrition and home environments, including the degree to which children … receive cognitive stimulation and emotional support from parents, play a profound role in influencing early childhood … children in the preschool years living in low-income countries. Using panel data on parenting, nutrition status, and early …

guided interactions between parents and children focused on responsive play and dialogic reading. Three years after the end … of the intervention, the receptive vocabulary and the socio-emotional development of children of families participating … in either of the treatment arms improved (by 0.43 and 0.54 standard deviation, respectively) relative to children of …