Using firm-level data for Georgia, the paper estimates the quasi-elasticity of employment and wages with respect to the … employment levels and average wages by gender and consider whether export destination or the competiveness of economies matters … improves female employment but reduces overall average wages and female wages. Increasing exports to the European Union as well …

Large firms pay higher wages. In developing economies, the large-firm wage premium is comparable to the average gap … between male and female wages, or two-thirds of the gap between urban and rural wages. There is substantial variation across …