Sea-level rise threatens low-lying areas around the world's coasts with increased coastal flooding during storms. One … half of the world's coast is protected. The total defense costs are significantly higher than earlier estimates, amounting …

transport services in low- and middle-income countries. This paper estimates the rural accessibility index, defined as the …

This paper presents the details of three scenarios-leapfrog, lock-in, and lopsided-that describe an illustrative set of … technological states. Based largely on expert interviews, the paper argues that the technology outcomes are heavily attributable to … the actions (or in some cases, inaction) of policy makers and incumbents. For each scenario, the paper presents …