"Infrastructure projects are often technically complicated and highly customized. Therefore, procurement competition …, and competition. With data on procurement auctions for electricity projects in developing countries, it is found that … government procurement costs. In addition, high technical requirements are likely to be imposed for these large-scale projects …

"Competition in public procurement auctions in the water supply and sanitation sector is largely limited. This is … competition. Using data on public procurement auctions for water and sewage projects in developing countries, this paper shows … significantly reduced, and this adverse entry effect would in turn raise the public procurement costs of infrastructure. There is no …