Manzi, Jorge; Martín, Ernesto San; Bellegem, Sébastien Van - In: Psychometrika 79 (2014) 1, pp. 130-153
Value added is a common tool in educational research on effectiveness. It is often modeled as a (prediction of a) random effect in a specific hierarchical linear model. This paper shows that this modeling strategy is not valid when endogeneity is present. Endogeneity stems, for instance, from a...