Brennan and Hamlin (1998) predict that moderates are more likely to be expressive rather than instrumental voters, but do not test this hypothesis. Greene and Nelson (2002) claim to reject this, by finding that extremists are as likely to vote as moderates. We argue that Greene and Nelson's...

We construct models of the endogenous formation of political groups designed to capture some of the key features of political and social conflict. We draw on the `citizen candidate' approach and consider both instrumental and expressive approaches to understanding group formation and conflict...