This Public Expenditure Review (PER) takes stock of fiscal developments and institutions and analyzes the key issues that bear on the level, composition, challenges, and effectiveness of government spending and the stance of fiscal policy. Understanding these issues is essential, as new fiscal...

This public expenditure review (PER) is the first comprehensive assessment of public spending on disaster response, recovery, and reconstruction activities in the Philippines. Despite the high exposure of the country to natural disaster shocks and climate risks, no comprehensive review has been...