existing research and cases at sector level; c) evidence from China. Research shows that there are clear upgrading effects of … by the US was featured with efficiency priority, while that of Japan does so with structural adjustment priority. The … mechanism and channels through which the ODI imposes effects on home industries; upgrading in China are more extensive than that …

An aging population, low fertility rate, and suppressed corporate investment have left Japan with an older workforce … and older vintages of fixed capital. To restore economic dynamism, Japan must encourage productivity growth. Using panel …

China. An alternative framework is suggested, the SIL model, as a more convincing explanation for the ODI and …