Economic synergy is essential in functional polycentric metropolitan regions due to their high collaborative potential between area centers and subcenters, which results in greater competition. Our results indicate that, based on the theory of economic geography, economic activities in...

Urban competitiveness is commonly attributed to necessitating particular types of socio‐spatial frameworks such as clustering on the basis of models of Marshall-Arrow-Romer (MAR), Porter, or Jacobs, since proximity is known as a key perquisite for knowledge spillover, innovation, and hence...