Energy flow from the primary energy to the final energy use varies depending on which device is used for the heating and cooling energy service. This paper presents economic analyses of medium capacity space heating and cooling systems from three perspectives – primary energy, final consumer,...

The contribution of the molten carbonate fuel cell system (MCFCs) to carbon dioxide (CO2) emission reduction in power application is analyzed. MCFCs can separate and concentrate CO2 emitted from traditional thermal power plants (PPs) without reducing the plant's overall energy efficiency. MCFCs...

The present paper analyzes the CO2 emissions from mobile communications and portable wireless electronic devices in the Korea environment. The quantitative and qualitative contributions to CO2 emission reduction of the substitution of renewable energy for traditional electricity as the power...

Fuel cells (FCs) and their hybrid systems can play a key role in reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The present paper analyzes the contributions of the FC system to CO2 emission reduction in three application fields. In the mobile application field, the direct methanol FC system has little...

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have recently passed the test or demonstration phase and have partially reached the commercialization stage due to the impressive worldwide research effort. Despite the currently promising achievements and the plausible prospects of PEMFCs, there are...