Synthesis of bio-lubricant from palm oil mill effluent (POME) using enzymatic hydrolysis and non-catalytic esterification has been investigated in this article. The effects of essential parameters, which are temperature, pH, agitation speed, enzyme loading, ratio of oil to fatty acid and alcohol...

Increasing number of population, advanced technology and economics growth somehow has caused energy depletion. The development of biofuel such as biodiesel, bioethanol and biogas is extremely needed to overcome these crises. Biofuel is derived from biological sources or biomass which are more...

Algae is a very promising source for renewable energy production since it can fix the greenhouse gas (CO2) by photosynthesis and does not compete with the production of food. Compared to microalgae, researches on biofuel production from macroalgae in both academia and industry are at infancy for...

In an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, renewable fuels (biofuels) are being developed and used in motor vehicles. The most common of these are bioethanol and biodiesel that are blended with petroleum based gasoline and diesel fuels at varying percentages. This provides some reduction...

Bio-ethanol as a clean and renewable fuel has gained more attention; however greater energy inputs make a slow progress in industry. Membrane technology has potential in the bioethanol production process as a highly selective and energy-saving separation process. This review presented membrane...

The concern over rapid depletion of fossil fuels has prompted the search for alternative fuels having efficiencies similar to those found for the conventional fuels being used today. The present article reviews the prospects and opportunities for using alternative fuels in different...

Iran’s diversity of terrain and climate enables cultivation of a variety of energy crops suitable for liquid biofuels production. In Iran, the easily and readily available biofuel feedstock today for production of bioethanol is molasses from sugar cane and sugar beet. There is also about 17.86...

In this study, the spatial variation of potential environmental impacts of bioenergy crops is quantitatively assessed. The cultivation of sugar beet and Miscanthus for bioethanol production in the North of the Netherlands is used as a case study. The environmental impacts included are greenhouse...

The utilization of hemicellulose, the second most abundant polysaccharide, is must for the cost-efficient production of ethanol from second generation feedstocks. Xylan, the major hemicellulose in plant biomass yields mainly xylose as pentose sugars on hydrolysis. The progress in fermentation of...

Increasing biofuel production on agricultural lands in tropical island nations will likely result in increased deforestation [1], and also inflate food prices, especially in net food importing countries like the Philippines [2–4]. Compounding problems associated with promotion of biofuels in...