We identify the origin of the contradicting perspectives on credit creation offered by Austrian, Mainstream and Post …-exist any transaction and loan. We develop a unified framework of credit creation based on three leading variables: (i) the … amount of collateral assets accepted, (ii) the level of leverage and (iii) the level of trust and confidence. As credit …

opportunity for unlisted firms. Using the Italian Credit Register, we investigate the impact of minibond issuance on bank credit … reduce the amount of used bank credit but increase the overall amount of available external funds, pointing to a substitution … with bank credit and to a diversification of corporate funding sources. Studying their ex-post performance, we find that …

regulatory reform which allowed unlisted firms to issue minibonds. Using the Italian Credit Register, we compare new loans … power with banks. Issuer firms also reduce the amount of used bank credit, expand their total and fixed assets, and raise …

question, we identify the compositional changes in banks' supply of credit using the variation in their holdings of residential …

higher numbers of negative ESG reputation shocks are less likely to continue to rely on bank credit in response to lenders …

a shock absorber that weathered the real consequences of the credit crunch in Europe … credit market and in funding markets. The reduction in the supply of credit by Eurozone banks caused riskier borrowers to …. Although global bank lending is often reported to amplify the international credit cycle, we show that foreign banking acted as …

jump back up to around 200 basis points. We surmise that in a booming credit market the certification of corporate …