The Iranian economy has greatly benefited from the lifting of international sanctions in 2016, when the JCPOA nuclear deal came into force. Oil production and exports rebounded strongly, which spilled over into non-oil sectors. However, the economy is yet to return to its 1976 peak in real per...

The study concludes that Europe should respond to China's New Silk Road initiative with a coherent infrastructure network and transport strategy of its own to leverage its economic potential. It should not rely on China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) to achieve this, but invest itself to...

In this paper, unit values and unit value ratios in bilateral manufacturing trade across all countries in the world are analysed over the period 1998-2014. Descriptive evidence of price differences across country groups and groups of manufacturing industries according to technology intensity is...

Based on a panel data set for 38 European countries over the period 1995-2014 and by using the definition of "foundational competitiveness", which we operationalise as GDP per working-age individual at PPP, this paper analyses how much trading partners matter for the national competitiveness of...