In 1913, Congress purposefully created the Federal Reserve as an independent central bank, which created a fundamental … of the Federal Reserve System. A central bank’s independence, however, is the key tool to ensure a government will not …

central bank practice are also included. …

In the United States and Europe, central banks have essentially been the only policymaking entities consistently … both the public and private sectors, to urgently work in conjunction with central bank policies. He states that it is … disruptions and bad surprises down the road. Central banks may find themselves facing one of two extremes: complementing policies …