In this paper, we study retail pricing in Canadian beer markets, where access to the liquor distribution system and the retail price list is restricted by government ownership and control of the system. We consider alternative explanations for price uniformity in the differentiated beer products...

In Canada, as well as in the U.S., the rationalization of retail gasoline networks has been occurring since 1970. Rationalization may be the outcome of a competitive process or a tacitly collusive one. This paper provides a description of how rationalization has played out in retail gasoline...