The precautionary principle is formulated in many different ways. However the differences are not of a fundamental nature. What is fundamental in the principle ?' i.e. the recognition that decisions must be taken on the basis of uncertain (also called ambiguous) information, in particular...

Economics is erratic, politics is manipulated, but at least science is objective and certain, hence its predictions are reliable. This image of science is inherited from the creators of modern science and the scientific method, a few centuries ago, and runs deep in the minds of most people when...

In France the precautionary principle gave birth to two basic opposite interpretations. The first one, fixed in the French legal framework and developed by the European doctrine, supports an early but proportionate consideration of potential hazards. The second one has been backed by...