The increase in non-monetary payments in Russia is the output of both a tight monetary policy and the persistence of the soft budget constraint. The State, by allowing fiscal arrears and in-kind payments, and the enterprises, by using wage arrears as a way of accommodating the budget constraint,...

Since the 90?s, between 70 and 90% of banking assets in ceecs? banking system are held by foreign located banks. The huge presence of foreign banks in ceecs leads also to a strong dependence to banking cross-border claims. Are foreign located affiliates a factor that attracts foreign claims in...