[eng] Sovereign debt : bondholders may prefer repudiation to default . Sovereign debts are often subject to payment suspension. Default, i.e. the financial incapacity to fulfil the debt service, and repudiation, i.e. the denial by a sovereign to recognize its legal obligations, are normally used...

[eng] In the XIXth century, Paris is a dominant international financial centre. In the second half of the XIXth century, many foreign projects get financing on the Paris market. This success can be explained by financial reasons. . JEL Classification : N23

[eng] The Paris stock exchange financing of the infrastructure in the XIXth century. The private societies provide the emerging countries with infrastructures and utilities. In these countries, privatization of the utilities seems a modern answer to solve their problems of recurrent budget...

[fre] Au 19e siècle, Paris représente un pôle incontournable de la finance internationale. L’épargne abonde et finance des projets étrangers à partir de la seconde moitié du 19e siècle. Les explications habituellement données à cette évolution sont d’ordre économique et...