when envisaged as providing an upstream open knowledge platform into which firms can tap in order to develop downstream applications. We conclude by presenting two examples that fit our definition of open source innovation: the case of open source biology (Hope, 2008) and the case of creative...

Beyond their function of protecting and rewarding innovation, patents are increasingly used as mediation instruments and as vehicles for interactions. Focusing on the development of new, genetically engineered vaccines, we show that they are central components of the production of innovation. A...

In France patents go to the first to file the patent application and not to the first to invent. Yet, this system is combined with a rule of prior user right that grants to first inventors the right to continue to use and commercialise their invention although it has been patented by another...