New-Keynesian macroeconomics usually provides recommendations for monetary policy in an economy where a subsidy eliminates the mark-up at the steady state : the natural output is then optimal. In this paper, we propose to study the ?uctuations around an inefficient natural output. We show that...

In France, the pattern of old age pension is characterized by a tax on continued activity, which distorts labour market participation towards a retirement age far below the one that would prevail in an optimal environment. This tax on continued activity would disappear with an actuarially fair...