This article is a revised version of the lecture Edmund S. Phelps delivered in Stockholm, Sweden, on December 10, 2006, when he received the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. The modern economy, where fully adopted, has been transformative for nations ? but...

While most continental European economies have exhibit deceiving outcomes for two decades, it seems necessary ? and it reveals fruitful ? to elaborate an « institutional hypothesis » to understand this failure. Our central reasoning is the following : it is in the absence or the muffling of...

[fre] La reconstruction des pays de l'Est exigera des investissements très probablement considérables. Cette note tente de répondre à la question de l'adéquation de l'épargne mondiale à ces besoins nouveaux. Une hausse des taux d'intérêts réels est à craindre pendant le processus «...

[eng] Why the American recovery of the years 1983 and 1984 did not produce recovery in Europe ? Why unemployment on this side of the Ocean has continued rising to reach in 1985 levels that have not been seen since the Great Depression ? Why finally the prospect of recovery which follows the fall...