The French Welfare state has experienced important changes in the last 25 years, with contrasted and even opposite consequences in terms of solidarity. Individual responsibility has been emphasized, as well as the potentially negative effects of social expenditure. The institutional framework of...

The integration of women into the labour market has gone through both upswings and downturns. In view of this ambivalent result, we can question the efficiency of public policies set up to overcome gender inequality and fight gender discrimination. Does a real will exist, and if so why is it so...

In the United States, the funding of pensions is based on two pillars: a PAYG system pays basic pensions at a federal level; pension funds managed by public or private employers complete this system. The recession of 2009 has reduced the resources of the PAYG system. However, the funding has not...

This paper deals with the particular fiscal incidence induced by an unfunded pension scheme. That consists to understand how the financing and the calculus of pensions modify the transitory and long run macroeconomic dynamics. We develop a simple OLG model with endogenous labour supply in an...

We examine the consequences of aging on wealth accumulation and growth in a simple overlapping-generations model. We show that, for some given sets of pension rules, aging is always beneficial for growth and development: lengthening the retirement period provides an incentive for saving more,...

The main purpose of this paper is to understand the course of macroeconomic policy in Europe in the light of several theories which have shown that it was barely adapted to the different shocks that have hinted the European economy in the last two decades. As a result, the performance of the EU...

The article discusses two recent reform proposals of the French pension system. Piketty and Bozio suggest the introduction of a unified system of individual notional accounts. This system would be automatically in balance, although at the cost of a dramatic fall in pensions? levels, which would...

This paper aims at studying the strategy of social transfers which conducts to the social optimum in a dynamic economy submitted to fluctuations of its fundamentals. The first section presents the different approaches of social welfare in a dynamic and intergenerational context, determines the...

The Swedish model is particularly attractive because it has resisted well to the major shocks of 1970s and 1990s. In particular, while the crisis of 1993 was particularly strong causing a major recession and a dramatic increase in unemployment, the evolutions that followed were very encouraging....

Open to all private companies, the CICE is equal to 6% of payroll, excluding employer contributions, for wages between 1 and 2.5 SMIC. Representing 20 billion, its funding will be based half on reduction on public expenditures and half on increase of taxes (a reform of VAT from 1 January 2014...