In 1998, the following article was published in the scientific research journal Science : ?Can Patents Deter Innovation ? The Anticommons in Biomedical Research?. M.A. Heller and R.S. Eisenberg explore how the expansion of intellectual property rights in the field of biomedical research...

In the European Union, competition policy regarding intellectual property related restrictions of competition has considerably changed in orientation. Whereas in the field of contractually agreed upon or concerted practices (Art.81 EC Treaty) licensing agreements, namely agreements on the...