The main purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between market and accounting measures of risk and the profitability of companies listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. An important aspect of the study was to employ accounting beta coefficients as a systematic risk measure. The...

We discuss when and why custom multi-factor risk models are warranted and give source code for computing some risk factors. Pension/mutual funds do not require customization but standardization. However, using standardized risk models in quant trading with much shorter holding horizons is...

The concept of best-estimate, prescribed by regulators to value insurance liabilities for accounting and solvency purposes, has recently been discussed extensively in the industry and related academic literature. To differentiate hedgeable and non-hedgeable risks in a general case, recent...

Evaluating risk measures, premiums, and capital allocation based on dependent multi-losses is a notoriously difficult task. In this paper, we demonstrate how this can be successfully accomplished when losses follow the multivariate Pareto distribution of the second kind, which is an attractive...

In a bonus-malus system in car insurance, the bonus class of a customer is updated from one year to the next as a function of the current class and the number of claims in the year (assumed Poisson). Thus the sequence of classes of a customer in consecutive years forms a Markov chain, and most...

This paper is concerned with an insurance risk model whose claim process is described by a Lévy subordinator process. Lévy-type risk models have been the object of much research in recent years. Our purpose is to present, in the case of a subordinator, a simple and direct method for...

Value-at-risk (VaR) and conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) are popular risk measures from academic, industrial and regulatory perspectives. The problem of minimizing CVaR is theoretically known to be of a Neyman-Pearson type binary solution. We add a constraint on expected return to investigate...

Traditional participating life insurance contracts with year-to-year (cliquet-style) guarantees have come under pressure in the current situation of low interest rates and volatile capital markets, in particular when priced in a market-consistent valuation framework. In addition, such guarantees...

We study risk-minimization for a large class of insurance contracts. Given that the individual progress in time of visiting an insurance policy's states follows an F-doubly stochastic Markov chain, we describe different state-dependent types of insurance benefits. These cover single payments at...

In order to protect stakeholders of insurance companies and financial institutions against adverse outcomes of risky businesses, regulators and senior management use capital allocation techniques. For enterprise-wide risk management, it has become important to calculate the contribution of each...