Amidst the global push for decarbonization, green hydrogen has gained recognition as a versatile and clean energy carrier, prompting the financial sector to introduce specialized investment instruments like Green Hydrogen Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs). Despite the nascent nature of research on...

The main purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between market and accounting measures of risk and the profitability of companies listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. An important aspect of the study was to employ accounting beta coefficients as a systematic risk measure. The...

In the financial world, the importance of "downside risk" and "higher moments" has been emphasized, predominantly in developing countries such as Pakistan, for a substantial period. Consequently, this study tests four models for a suitable capital asset pricing model. These models are CAPM's...

Mean-variance portfolio optimization is more popular than optimization procedures that employ downside risk measures such as the semivariance, despite the latter being more in line with the preferences of a rational investor. We describe strengths and weaknesses of semivariance and how to...

Since the debut of cryptocurrencies, particularly Bitcoin, in 2009, cryptocurrency trading has grown in popularity among investors. Relative to other conventional asset classes, cryptocurrencies exhibit high volatility and, consequently, downside risk. While the prospects of high returns are...

The importance of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) aspects in investment decisions has grown significantly in today's volatile financial market. This study aims to answer the important question of whether investing in ESG-compliant companies is a better option for investors in both...

Risk diversification is the basis of insurance and investment. It is thus crucial to study the effects that could limit it. One of them is the existence of systemic risk that affects all of the policies at the same time. We introduce here a probabilistic approach to examine the consequences of...

Over the last three decades, the world economy has been facing stock market crashes, currency crisis, the dot-com and real estate bubble burst, credit crunch and banking panics. As a response, extreme value theory (EVT) provides a set of ready-made approaches to risk management analysis....

Socio-ecologic, socio-economic, and socio-technical transitions are opportunities that require fundamental changes in the system. These will encounter matters associated with security, service adoption by end-users, infrastructure and availability. The purpose of this study is to examine and...

The application of industry 4.0 in banking presents many challenges, with several operational risks related to downtime and timeout services due to system failures. One of the operational risk management steps is to estimate the value of the maximum potential losses. The purpose of this study is...