Protecting against unexpected yield curve, inflation, and longevity shifts are some of the most critical issues institutional and private investors must solve when managing post-retirement income benefits. This paper empirically investigates the performance of alternative immunization strategies...

Defined benefit (DB) pension plans are a primary type of pension schemes with the sponsor assuming most of the risks. Longevity-indexed bonds have been used to hedge or transfer risks in pension plans. Our objective is to study an aggregated DB pension plan's optimal risk management problem...

I show that risk-sharing pension plans can reduce some of the shortcomings of defined benefit and defined contributions plans. The risk-sharing pension plan presented aims to improve the stability of benefits paid to generations of members, while allowing them to enjoy the expected advantages of...

This paper compares two different types of private retirement plans from the perspective of a representative beneficiary: a defined benefit (DB) and a defined contribution (DC) plan. While salary risk is the main common risk factor in DB and DC pension plans, one of the key differences is that...

This paper examines the effect of gainsharing provisions on the selection of a discount rate for a defined benefit pension plan. The paper uses a traditional actuarial approach of discounting liabilities using the expected return of the associated pension fund. A stochastic Excel model was...

We study the valuation of a pension fund's obligations in a discrete time and space incomplete market model. The market's incompleteness stems from the non-replicability of the wage process that finances the pension plan through time. The contingent defined-benefit liability of the pension fund...

This study proposes a structured product (SP) for hedging defined contribution pension fund members against capital market risk. Using Monte Carlo simulations on three different guaranteed returns to test the investment strategy of the SP against a balanced investment portfolio, we measure their...

This study employs a robust quantitative ex post facto research design to investigate the complex relationship between audit fees and earnings management. The financial information of 164 firms admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) was used from 2010 to 2019 (pre-COVID period) to achieve...

Corporate misconduct is a huge and widespread problem in the economy. Many companies make mistakes that result in them having to pay penalties or compensation to other businesses. Some of these cases are so serious that they take a toll on a company’s financial condition. The purpose of this...

This study examines the role of board gender diversity in shaping cor‑ porate financial decisions, particularly in terms of debt structure and risk management. Focusing on the Tehran Stock Exchange, it explores how female representation on boards influences long‑term and short‑term...