Because frequently random assignment is not feasible in educational studies, our understanding of causal effects of student characteristics on academic performance has made little progress over the years. Omitted variables inducing correlations between regressors and error terms in multilevel...

We propose a general framework for dealing with endogeneity in models in marketing and economics. It consists of a multivariate, hierarchical, mixed discrete/continuous representation of behavioral response variables. Importantly, it includes a non-parametric approximation to unobserved sources...